INTELLIGENT SMART GRID & AC SENSING SYSTEM
A non-invasive 230V AC mains energy monitor and autonomous appliance safety interlock. Employs a hand-wound 1000:1 toroidal current transformer with active 1.65V DC-bias op-amp wave-shifting, computing true-RMS current via numerical Simpson's integration with sub-cycle overcurrent and thermal relay tripping.
Sustained 16A AC compressor loads generate severe resistive heat dissipation in conventional inline shunts (P = I²R). Meanwhile, non-isolated sensors expose 3.3V MCU digital rails to catastrophic mains spikes, high-voltage transients, and ground loops during line switching.
Hand-wound high-permeability 1000:1 toroidal ferrite core steps 16A down to safe milliamps with 2.5 kV physical galvanic isolation. A precision 68.2Ω burden resistor and active 1.65V DC-bias op-amp front-end map the bipolar 50Hz sine wave into the unipolar 0–3.3V ADC range.